Showing posts with label Ghana's Most Influential. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Ghana's Most Influential. Show all posts

Ghanaian Poetry's Inspirations - An Introduction


What do Ghanaian poets read?

Where, and to whom, do we turn for inspiration?

Do they care about my country? My country's great poets?

In the six-and-a-half years I've been running One Ghana, One Voice, I've received questions like these many times, in many different iterations. What fuels and interests Ghanaian poets seems to be an issue of curiosity for both Ghanaian poets and scholars, and for international observers. Heck, Frank O'Hara even mentioned a similar curiosity directly in a poem.

As the oldest (and therefore longest running) online magazine of Ghanaian poetry, I feel we are well (if far from perfectly) positioned to attempt to answer these questions. As regular readers of OGOV will know, every time we welcome a new poet to the site we ask them the same three (well, four) questions, by way of introduction:

How long have you been writing poetry?
Who are your favorite poets? Which poets have most influenced and informed your work?
What do you hope to accomplish with your poetry?

You can read a recent example of the Q+A here.

Back in 2008, when OGOV was only a year old and the volume of data was much more manageable, I produced a post listing the artists most commonly named in answer to the questions "Who are your favorite poets? Which poets have most influenced and informed your work?". That post can be read here.

The sample size for that post, though, was rather small. So now, five years later, I've decided to both update and expand on that post. These new results come from interviews with 93 poets (the vast majority Ghanaian, plus some non-Ghanaians who write on Ghana) dating from April 2007 until September 2013. Together, those 93 poets listed 298 different artists as influential to their writing a total of 559 times (an average of six "influences" or "votes" per poet).

We've decided to present our date in the form of answers to popular questions we have received over the years. The questions can be read at the bottom of this post - simply click the links for answers!

Some of the answers will be expected, but some will surprise. We hope you enjoy this overview, and if you have any further questions you'd like answered, let us know!

Yours,

Rob Taylor
on behalf of the OGOV team
September 2013

p.s. The original publication of much of this series was delayed due to the death of Kofi Awoonor (whose influence, as you will see, figures large in these results). It should be noted, then, that all the "votes" for Awoonor were cast prior to his passing. One can reasonably expect that since then his influence has only grown. You can read our series of tribute poems to Awoonor here.


Questions Answered

Which continent's artists most influence Ghanaian poetry?
Which country's artists most influence Ghanaian poetry?
Who influences Ghanaian poets more, men or women? By how much?
What types of artists are influencing Ghanaian poetry?
Which female artist most influences Ghanaian poetry?
Which artist from Ghana most influences Ghanaian poetry?
Which artist from Africa (non-Ghanaian) most influences Ghanaian poetry?
Which artist from Europe most influences Ghanaian poetry?
Which artist from the Americas most influences Ghanaian poetry?
Which artist, generally, most influences Ghanaian poetry?

Which artist most influences Ghanaian poetry?


Answer: Kofi Awoonor.


More detail:

Kofi Awoonor was listed as an inspiration by nineteen different OGOV poets, far ahead of Maya Angelou, Kofi Anyidoho, and Wole Soyinka, who were each mentioned thirteen times.

The top fourteen:

Arists who most influence Ghanaian poets

1. Kofi Awoonor, mentioned by 19 poets, or 20% of all poets interviewed
2. Maya Angelou, 14%
2. Kofi Anyidoho, 14%
2. Wole Soyinka, 14%
5. Kwesi Brew, 12%
5. Atukwei Okai, 12%
5. William Shakespeare, 12%
8. Mutabaruka, 10%
9. Langston Hughes, 9%
10. Ayi Kwei Armah, 8%
10. Dennis Brutus, 8%
10. Leopold Senghor, 8%
10. John Donne, 8%
10. John Keats, 8%

Observations:

The diversity of this list is noteworthy: many Ghanaian authors, and others from Africa, but also English and American writers. And Mutabaruka, for good measure.

All of these artists, however, were born before 1960. Who will come after them to help inspire the next generation? Some of the other lists may give a few hints to this, but the truth is we'll just have to wait and see...


More Information:

This post marks the end of our series on Ghanaian poets' influences. Click here for an overview of this project, and to read the lists that came before.


What do you think of these results?

Leave your thoughts in the comments!


Which artist from the Americas most influences Ghanaian poetry?


Answer: Maya Angelou.


More detail:

Maya Angelou was listed as an inspiration by thirteen different OGOV poets, followed by Mutabaruka and Langston Hughes, with nine and eight mentions, respectively.

The top ten:

Most Influential Artists from the Americas

1. Maya Angelou (United States), 14%
2. Mutabaruka (Jamaica), 10%
3. Langston Hughes (United States), 9%
4. Robert Frost (United States), 6%
4. Pablo Neruda (Chile), 6%
6. Emily Dickinson (United States), 4%
6. Sylvia Plath (United States), 4%
6. Derek Walcott (San Lucia), 4%
6. William Carlos Williams (United States), 4%
10. Amiri Baraka (United States), 3%
10. E.E. Cummings (United States), 3%
10. Bob Marley (Jamaica), 3%
10. Ezra Pound (United States), 3%


Observations:

Maya is back! The most influential female artist is also the most influential from the Americas.

Of all the "continental" lists, this one is by far the most diverse. It features the most female artists (3) and the most musicians (2). Four of the artists are living, while eight have died. Six are of African descent, while six are not.


More Information:

Click here for an overview of this project, and to read other similar lists.


What do you think of these results?

Leave your thoughts in the comments!

Which artist from Europe most influences Ghanaian poetry?


Answer: William Shakespeare.


More detail:

Shakespeare was listed as an inspiration by twelve different OGOV poets, followed by John Donne and John Keats, with seven mentions each. Despite being born in the United States, T.S. Eliot is listed here because he chose to be naturalized as a British subject at age 39.

The top ten:

Most Influential European Artists

1. William Shakespeare (England), 12%
2. John Donne (England), 8%
2. John Keats (England), 8%
4. William Wordsworth (England), 6%
5. W.B. Yeats (Ireland), 6%
6. T.S. Eliot (England), 5%
6. John Milton (England), 5%
8. Rainer Maria Rilke (Austria), 4%
8. Lord Byron (England), 4%
8. Andrew Marvell (England), 4%

Observations:

English poets who dominate Ghanaian text books dominate this list, too, the most notable exception being Rainer Maria Rilke. It's noteworthy, too, that this is the only list to feature no living artists.


More Information:

Click here for an overview of this project, and to read other similar lists.


What do you think of these results?

Leave your thoughts in the comments!


Which artist from Africa (non-Ghanaian) most influences Ghanaian poetry?


Answer: Wole Soyinka.


More detail:

Wole Soyinka was listed as an inspiration by thirteen different OGOV poets, followed by Dennis Brutus and Leopold Senghor, with seven mentions each.

The top ten:

Most Influential African (non-Ghanaian) Artists

1. Wole Soyinka (Nigeria), 14%
2. Dennis Brutus (South Africa), 8%
2. Léopold Senghor (Senegal), 8%
4. Gabriel Okara (Nigeria), 5%
4. Christopher Okigbo (Nigeria), 5%
6. John Pepper Clark (Nigeria), 4%
6. Oswald Mtshili (South Africa), 4%
8. Chinua Achebe (Nigeria), 3%
9. David Diop (Senegal), 2%
9. Chenjerai Hove (Zimbabwe), 2%
9. Dambudzo Marechera (Zimbabwe), 2%
9. Okot p’Bitek (Uganda), 2%

Observations:

Nigerians dominate this list, as one might expect. The lack of poets from North or East Africa is notable.


More Information:

Click here for an overview of this project, and to read other similar lists.


What do you think of these results?

Leave your thoughts in the comments!


Which artist from Ghana most influences Ghanaian poetry?


Answer: Kofi Awoonor.


More detail:

Kofi Awoonor was listed as an influence by nineteen different OGOV poets, followed closely by Anyidoho, Brew and Okai.

The top ten:

Most Influential Ghanaian Artists

1. Kofi Awoonor, mentioned by 20% of poets
2. Kofi Anyidoho, 14%
3. Kwesi Brew, 12%
3. Atukwei Okai, 12%
5. Ayi Kwei Armah, 8%
6. Kobena Eyi Acquah, 4%
6. Ladé Wosornu, 4%
8. Ama Ata Aidoo, 3%
8. Efua Sutherland, 3%
10. Martin Egblewogbe, 2%


Observations:

Not surprisingly, almost all these poets are from the last great age of Ghanaian poetry, and the two most popular are associated with the University of Ghana, Legon. Awoonor's influence was felt by all in the outpouring of grief and celebration following his recent death (you can read some tribute poems to Kofi Awoonor here).

It's nice to see a younger poet (and OGOV contributor), Martin Egblewogbe, sneaking in at the end of the list. It makes one wonder: what will this list look like in 20 or 30 years?


More Information:

Click here for an overview of this project, and to read other similar lists.


What do you think of these results?

Leave your thoughts in the comments!


Which female artist most influences Ghanaian poetry?



Answer: Maya Angelou.


More detail:

Maya Angelou was listed as an inspiration by thirteen differen OGOV poets, far more than Emily Dickinson and Sylvia Plath, who placed second with four mentions each.

The top ten:

Most Influential Female Artists
1. Maya Angelou, mentioned by 14% of poets
2. Emily Dickinson, 4%
2. Sylvia Plath, 4%
4. Ama Ata Aidoo, 3%
4. Efua Sutherland, 3%
6. Gwendolyn Brooks, 2%
6. Nikki Giovanni, 2%
6. Adrienne Rich, 2%
6. Wisława Szymborska, 2%

Observations:

Almost all the writers listed are American, and of the Ghanaians (Aidoo and Sutherland), while both are poets, neither would traditionally be identified first and foremost as such. A lack of Ghanaian female poet-role models is evident here.


More Information:

Click here for an overview of this project, and to read other similar lists.


What do you think of these results?

Leave your thoughts in the comments!






What types of artists influence Ghanaian poetry the most?


Answer: Poets.


More detail:

Of the 559 "votes" cast for different individual artists, 382 votes were cast for poets (classified as authors who write poetry either primarily or exclusively), 81 votes for writers (classified as authors who write multiple genres more-or-less equally), and 67 votes for musicians.

The full results:

Most Influential Types of Artists

1. Poets: 382 mentions, 68% of total mentions
2. Writers: 15%
3. Musicians: 12%
4. Novelists: 4%
5. Biblical: 2%
Other (Playwrights, Philosophers, Teachers): 1%


Observations:

This category is the most biased of all. Not only is it difficult to separate "poets" from "writers" from "novelists" (and endless debate could be had about who should be slotted where), but the question asked of contributing poets specifically asks for "which poets" have been influential, pre-biasing the answer. What's notable is how, despite that, almost one-third of the responses given fell outside of that category, showing that the inspirations for Ghana's poets are broad and not easily summarised. The most noteworthy "non-poet" category is musicians, of which (it should be noted) none are African, and all of the most popular are either Jamaican reggae stars (Mutabaruka, Bob Marley, Joseph Hill) or American hip-hop artists (Nas, Tupac, Mos Def).


More Information:

Click here for an overview of this project, and to read other similar lists.


What do you think of these results?

Leave your thoughts in the comments!


Who influences Ghanaian poets more, men or women? By how much?


Answer: Men, by a wide margin.


More detail:

Of the 559 "votes" cast for different individual artists, 477 votes (85%) were cast for male artists, to 82 (15%) for female artists. To the best of our knowledge, no transgender artists were mentioned. When those numbers were weighted to eliminate outliers (artists who were only mentioned one time), the numbers shifted slightly, only further widening the gap.

The full results:

Gender Split for Influential Artists

Male: 477 mentions, or 85% of all mentions
Female: 82 mentions, or 15%

Gender Split for Influential Artists (Weighted)

Male: 90%
Female: 10%

Observations:

Males are read more widely and more deeply, which isn't very surprising. What perhaps is surprising is the sheer size of the gap, with male artists receiving nine out of every ten mentions. Only two female African artists (both Ghanaian) were mentioned more than once, Efua Sutherland and Ama Ata Aidoo.


More Information:

Click here for an overview of this project, and to read other similar lists.


What do you think of these results?

Leave your thoughts in the comments!


What country's artists most influence Ghana's poetry?


Answer: The United States.


More detail:

Out of 559 "votes" cast for different individual artists, 159 (28%) of all votes were cast for artists from the United States, followed by 99 for English artists and 92 for Ghanaian artists. When those numbers were weighted to eliminate outliers (artists who were only mentioned one time), Ghanaian artists almost completely closed the gap (78 votes for U.S. artists, 77 for Ghanaian artists).

The full results:

Most Influential Countries

1. United States: 159 mentions, 28% of total mentions
2. England: 18%
3. Ghana: 16%
4. Nigeria: 6%
5. Canada: 4%
6. Jamaica: 3%
6. South Africa: 3%
8. Ireland: 2%
8. Senegal: 2%
8. Zimbabwe: 2%
Other: 18%


Most Influential Countries (Weighted)

1. United States: 78 mentions, 23% of total mentions
2. Ghana: 77 mentions, 23% of total mentions
3. England: 22%
4. Nigeria: 9%
5. Jamaica: 4%
6. South Africa: 3%
7. Ireland: 3%
8. Senegal: 3%
9. Poland: 1%
9. Zimbabwe: 1%
Other: 8%

Observations:

As with the continental analysis, interest in North American writers is broad but not deep, as very few North American artists are mentioned more than once (none of the 21 Canadian artists, for instance, were mentioned by more than one poet). Ghanaian, English and Nigerian artists have the deepest support, as their numbers shot up once the outliers were eliminated.


More Information:

Click here for an overview of this project, and to read other similar lists.


What do you think of these results?

Leave your thoughts in the comments!

Which continent's artists most influences Ghanaian poetry?


Answer: Africa's.


More detail:

Of the 559 "votes" cast for different individual artists, 204 votes were cast for North American/Carribean artists, to 170 for African artists (followed closely by European artists at 153 votes). When those numbers were weighted to eliminate outliers (artists who were only mentioned one time), however, the picture changed significantly, with African artists jumping far ahead of North American/Carribean artists (133 to 98).

The full results:

Most Influential Continents

1. North America and Caribbean: 204 mentions, or 36% of all mentions
2. Africa: 30%
3. Europe: 27%
4. Asia: 4%
5. South America: 2%
6. Oceania: 0%


Most Influential Continents (Weighted)

1. Africa: 39% of mentions
2. North America and Caribbean: 29%
3. Europe: 27%
4. Asia: 2%
4. South America: 2%
6. Oceania: 0%

Observations:

African artists are read most deeply, but with less diversity than North American/Carribean artists. European artists, though taught heavily in school, trail behind both. And Australia, sorry, you've yet to make a dent!


More Information:

Click here for an overview of this project, and to read other similar lists.


What do you think of these results?

Leave your thoughts in the comments!